The
great stern and side-wheeler steamboats of the 1800s played a central role
in the expansion and development of the American heartland. Their service,
carrying freight and passengers on the great rivers and Great Lakes was
invaluable to the development of commerce for a still expanding nation. As
romantic as they seem from the late 20th century, they were fraught with
danger. Many of the early steamboats caught fire, suffered boiler
explosions, ran aground or sank. The drive for profits and markets meant
that many of them were poorly designed and constructed and operated by crew
with minimal training. Faced with intolerable working conditions, fires and
higher and higher boiler pressures creating deadly explosions; steamboat
engineers banded together. Important to the future of MEBA was the formation
in 1854 of the Buffalo Association of Engineers. This and other Lake
Associations played a leading role in the formation of the Union and
provided its major strength for the first 35 years. However, it was soon
evident that one-city associations were not enough to secure better working
conditions and properly licensed engineers.
In 1874, the
Buffalo association began corresponding with other marine engineer
associations around the country. Ten delegates from Buffalo, Cleveland,
Detroit, Chicago and Baltimore met in Cleveland, Ohio and held the first
Convention of the National Marine Engineers Association (the word Beneficial
was added in 1883). Thus, on February 23, 1875, the MEBA was established.
Mr. Garret Dow of Buffalo, a key figure in establishing the MEBA, was
elected its first president.
The earliest efforts of the new association revolved around proper
enforcement of the Steamboat Act of 1871. The MEBA also worked towards
proper examination and licensing of engineers, and the abolition of
controversial license fees. It fought against the use of foreign engineers
on internal waters and summary revocations of licenses for union activities
and protests over safety.
In 1884, the US congress finally passed a shipping bill requiring all
officers of American vessels be US citizens. In 1896, a bill passed granting
engineers the legal standing of officer and prohibiting aliens from
obtaining officer's licenses.
From the beginning, MEBA has worked hard in Washington, DC for any and all
legislation that would enhance the maritime industry, maintain
professionalism at sea and protect its members from arbitrary and
detrimental policies. From the start, officers from MEBA have served with
distinction aboard vessels in all armed conflicts fought by the US. At the
end of WWI, MEBA had more than 22,000 members.
Under attack from the US Shipping Board, led by Admiral William S. Benson,
former Chief of Naval Operations, the seagoing unions were forced into
drastic cuts in wages. Manning scales were cut and overtime without
compensation was reimposed. By 1934, MEBA counted only 4,848 members. The
Great Depression was upon the nation and times were extremely hard for US
seafarers. The US fleet had fallen well behind other nations in amount, age
and speed of tonnage.
To rescue what was left of the merchant fleet, Congress passed the Merchant
Marine Act in 1936, which set up a program of subsidies for ship
construction and operation. The program called for building up to 500 ships
and committed the US government to a conscious policy of government support
for a merchant fleet.
In 1935, the National Labor Relations Board was revitalized and collective
bargaining became a cornerstone of public policy in labor-management
affairs. American labor began to gain strength again.
The advent of WWII changed the labor landscape dramatically. Throughout the
country, unions became well organized and supplied labor efficiently by its
end.
As before, at the end of a war, the governments on-again/off-again interest
in a merchant marine waned. After 1945, the US fleet went from 43,000
vessels to just 1,150 at the beginning of the Korean conflict. The fleet has
continued to decline to the point that today less than 2 1/2% of all cargo
moving in and out of this country moves in American bottoms.
After the war, and under the leadership of Presidents Herbert Dagget, E.N.
Altman, and Jesse Calhoon, as well as General Counsel, Lee Pressman, the
MEBA made impressive gains for its membership despite the decline in the US
shipping industry. Wages rose to be commensurate with the responsibilities
and skills of the work. Collective bargaining agreements re-established the
40-hour shipboard work week, and produced the industries highest rated
pension and welfare plans. The union built and acquired continuing funding
for Diagnostic Centers. The union founded the Calhoon MEBA Engineering
School, the first joint union-industry-training center. Through an
organizing drive, MEBA restored itself as a force on the Great Lakes. Also,
MEBA became a legislative force in Washington, successfully organizing
support for the Merchant Marine Act of 1970. Today MEBA is rebuilding and
strengthening its influence on Capitol Hill.
Regulatory change and international agreements are rapidly changing the
worldwide maritime picture. The MEBA recognizes the opportunities brought by
these changes and is committed to taking advantage of any aspect of the
industry that benefits our members.
This quote, from a commemorative epic of MEBA's first 120 years, may best
characterize MEBA's distinction "MEBA has survived 120 years of
battles-large and small, within the maritime industry and throughout the
world in the pursuit of justice. Through it all, the members have remained
true to the spirit of unity that brought them from a fledgling profession to
America's first maritime union. Today MEBA represents a large and diverse
mix of engineers and deck officers, experienced and skilled in all types of
commercial shipping. MEBA's expertise and proven track record of readiness,
safety and loyalty in answering America's call to action are unrivaled in
the world. While the future is in question, one thing is certain. The
members of the Marine Engineer's Beneficial Association will unceasingly
fight to preserve America's fourth arm of defense -The US Merchant Marine.
MEBA is over 128 years old, a proud achievement, symbolic of our forebears
and our own support and commitment to the ideals quoted above.
